PSG has now secured the prestigious trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the match between the French league winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele found the net early on.
However, the southern French side fired twice late to take a shock advantage. Initially, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial equaliser in the dying moments to send the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout victory.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the last 13 years.